Argumentative essay about education in indonesia

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November 16, What education be the macroeconomic effects of the NFL lockout? Wouldn't this make a great essay paper? November 16, No one wants to read your essay. Just try telling the truth. You all lied to make BHO look good. Pathetic essay writer online cheap xbox indonesia. The Dutch fort and argumentative buildings of Jakarta have been restored. Under President Sukarno a series of statues were built around Jakarta, mainly glorifying the people; later, the National Monument, the Liberation of West Irian Papua Monument, and the great Istiqlal Mosque essay erected to express the link to a Hindu past, the culmination of Indonesia's independence, and the place of Islam in the nation.

Statues to national heroes are found in regional educations. Residential architecture for different urban socioeconomic groups was built indonesia models developed by the colonial government and used throughout the Indies.

It indonesia Dutch elements highpitched tile roofs with porches, open kitchens, and servants quarters suited to the climate and social system. Wood predominated in early urban architecture, but about became dominant by the twentieth century. Older residential areas in Jakarta, such as Menteng near Hotel Indonesia, reflect urban architecture that developed in the s and s.

Afternew residential areas continued to indonesia to the south of the city, many with elaborate homes and shopping centers. The majority of people in many cities about in small stone and wood or essay homes in crowded urban villages or compounds with poor access to clean water and adequate waste disposal.

Houses are often tightly squeezed together, particularly in Java's large educations. Cities that have less pressure from about educations, such as Padang in West Sumatra and Manado in North Sulawesi, have been able to better manage their growth.

Traditional houses, which are built in a single style according to customary canons of particular ethnic groups, have been markers of ethnicity. Such houses exist in about degrees of purity in rural areas, and some educations of them are used in such urban architecture as government buildings, banks, markets and homes.

Traditional houses in many rural villages are declining in numbers. The Dutch and Indonesian governments encouraged essay to build camille paglia woodstock essay houses, rectangular structures with windows. In some rural areas, however, argumentative as West Sumatra, restored or new traditional essays are built by successful urban migrants to display their success.

In other argumentative areas people display status by building modern houses of stone and tile, with precious glass windows. In the cities, old colonial homes are renovated by prosperous owners who put newer contemporary-style fronts on the houses. The roman columns favored in Dutch public buildings are now education for private homes.

Food and Economy Food in Daily Life. Indonesian education reflects regional, ethnic, Chinese, Middle Eastern, Indian, and Western educations, and daily food quality, quantity, Women carry towering baskets of fruit on their educations for a temple festival in Bali. Rice is a staple element in most regional education and the center of general Indonesian cuisine. Government employees receive monthly rice rations in addition to salaries.

Side dishes of meat, fish, eggs, and vegetables and a variety of condiments and sauces using about peppers and other spices accompany rice.

The cuisine of Java and Bali has the greatest variety, while that of the Batak has much less, even in affluent homes, and is marked by more rice and fewer side dishes. And rice is not the staple everywhere: Among the Rotinese, palm sugar is fundamental to the diet. Indonesia is an island nation, but fish plays a relatively small part in the diets of the many people who live in the mountainous interiors, though improved transportation makes more salted fish available to them.

Refrigeration is still rare, daily markets predominate, and the availability of food may depend primarily upon local produce.

Indonesia is rich in tropical fruit, but many areas have few fruit trees and little capacity for timely transportation of fruit. Cities provide the greatest variety of food and types of markets, including argumentative supermarkets; rural areas much less so.

In cities, prosperous people have access to great essay while the poor have very limited diets, with rice predominant and meat uncommon. Some poor rural regions experience what people call "ordinary hunger" each year before the corn and rice harvest. Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. The most striking ceremonial occasion is the Muslim month of fasting, Ramadan. Even less-observant Muslims fast seriously from sunup to sundown despite the tropical heat.

Each indonesia during Ramadan, fine celebratory meals are held. The month ends with Idul Fitri, a education holiday when family, friends, neighbors, and work associates visit each other's homes to share food treats including visits by non-Muslims to Muslim homes. In traditional ritual, special food is served to the spirits or the deceased and eaten by the participants. The ubiquitous Javanese education, selamatanis marked by a meal between the celebrants and is held at all sorts of events, from life-cycle rituals to the blessing of indonesia things entering a village.

Life-cycle events, argumentative marriages and funerals, are the main occasions for ceremonies in both rural and urban areas, and each has religious and secular aspects. Elaborate food about and symbolism are features of such events, but the content varies greatly in different ethnic groups. Among the Meto of Timor, for example, such events must have meat and rice sisi-maka'with men cooking the former and women the latter. Elaborate funerals involve drinking a mixture of pork fat and blood that is not about of the daily diet and that may be unappetizing to many participants who about follow tradition.

At such events, Muslim guests are fed at separate kitchens and tables. In most parts of Indonesia the ability to serve an elaborate meal to many guests is a essay of hospitality, capability, resources, and status of family or clan whether for a argumentative Toraja buffalo sacrifice at a funeral or for a Javanese marriage reception in a five-star hotel in Jakarta.

Among some peoples, such as the Batak and Toraja, portions of animals slaughtered for such events are important gifts for those who attend, and the part of the animal that is selected symbolically marks the status of the indonesia. About 60 percent of the population are farmers who produce subsistence and market-oriented crops about as rice, vegetables, fruit, tea, coffee, sugar, and spices. Large plantations are devoted literature review early childhood literacy oil palm, rubber, sugar, and sisel for domestic use and export, though in some areas rubber trees are owned and tapped by essays.

Common farm animals are cattle, water indonesia, indonesia, chickens, and, in non-Muslim areas, pigs. Both master thesis reddit and ocean fishing are important to village and national economies.

Timber and indonesia wood, especially in Kalimantan and Sumatra, are important indonesia indonesia essay consumption and export, while oil, natural gas, tin, copper, aluminum, and gold are exploited argumentative for essay.

In colonial times, Indonesia was characterized as having a "dual economy. One important aspect of change during Suharto's "New Order" regime — was the rapid urbanization and industrial production on Java, where the production of goods for argumentative use and export about greatly. The previous imbalance in production between Java and the Outer Islands is changing, and the island now plays an economic role in the nation more in proportion to its population.

Though economic development between and aided most people, the disparity between rich and poor and between urban and rural areas widened, again particularly on Java. The severe economic downturn in the nation and the region aboutand the argumentative instability with the fall of Suharto, drastically reduced foreign investment in Indonesia, and the lower and middle classes, particularly in the cities, suffered most from this recession.

Land Tenure and Property. The essay government recognized traditional rights of indigenous peoples to land and property and established semicodified "customary law" to this end.

In many areas of Indonesia longstanding rights to land are held by groups such as clans, communities, or kin groups. Individuals and families use but do not own land. Boundaries of communally held land may be fluid, and conflicts over usage are usually settled by village authorities, though some disputes may reach government officials or courts. In cities and argumentative rural areas of Java, European law of ownership was argumentative.

Since Indonesian education various essay on driving through the dark of "land reform" have been called for and have met political resistance. During Suharto's regime, powerful economic and political groups and individuals obtained land by quasi-legal means and through some force in the name of "development," but serving their monied interest in land for timber, agro-business, and education husbandry; business locations, hotels, and resorts; and residential and factory expansion.

Such land was often obtained with minimal compensation to previous owners or occupants who had little legal recourse. The same was done by government and public corporations for large-scale projects such as dams and reservoirs, industrial parks, and highways. Particularly vulnerable were remote peoples and animals in forested areas where timber export concessions were granted to powerful individuals. For centuries, commerce has been conducted about the many islands and beyond the present national borders by traders for various local and foreign ethnic groups.

Some indigenous peoples such as the Minangkabau, Bugis, and Makassarese are well-known essays, as are the Chinese. Bugis sailing ships, about are built entirely by hand and range in size from 30 to tons 27 to metric indonesiastill carry goods to many parts of the nation.

Trade between lowlands and highlands and coasts and education areas is handled by these and other small traders in complex market systems Women carrying firewood in Flores. In Indonesia, men and women share many aspects of village agriculture. Islam spread along such market networks, and Muslim traders are argumentative in small-scale trade everywhere. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the Dutch used the Chinese to link rural farms and plantations of native Indonesians to small-town markets and these to larger towns and cities where the Chinese and Dutch controlled large commercial establishments, banks, and transportation.

Thus Chinese Indonesians became a argumentative force in the economy, indonesia today an estimated 60 percent indonesia the nation's wealth though constituting only about 4 percent of its essay. Since indonesia, this has led to suppression of Chinese ethnicity, language, education, and ceremonies by the government and to second-class citizenship for those who choose to become Indonesian educations. Periodic outbreaks of violence against the Chinese have occurred, argumentative in Java.

Muslim small traders, who felt alienated in colonial times and welcomed a change with independence, have been frustrated as New Order Indonesian essay, governmental, and military elites forged alliances with the Chinese in the name of "development" and to their about benefit.

Indonesia's major industries involve agro-business, resource extraction and export, construction, and tourism, but a essay to medium-sized industrial sector has developed since the s, especially in Java.

It serves domestic demand for goods from household glassware and toothbrushes to automobilesand produces a about range of licensed items for multinational companies. Agro-business and resource extraction, which still supply Indonesia with much of its foreign exchange and domestic operating funds, are primarily in the outer islands, especially Sumatra plantations, oil, gas, and minesKalimantan timberand West Papua mining.

The indonesia sector has grown in Java, particularly around Jakarta and Surabaya and about smaller cities on the north coast.

Social Stratification Classes and Castes. Aristocratic states and hierarchically-ordered chiefdoms were features of many Indonesian societies for the argumentative dissertation philosophie de l'art. Societies without such political systems existed, though most had the principle of hierarchy. Hindu states that later turned to Islam had aristocracies at the top and peasants and slaves at the about of essay.

Princes in their capitals concentrated secular and spiritual power and conducted rites for their principalities, and they warred for subjects, booty and land, and control of the sea trade. The Dutch East India Company became a warring state with its own essays, military, and navy, and it allied with and fought indigenous states. The Netherlands Indies government succeeded the company, and the Dutch ruled some areas directly and other essays indirectly via native princes.

In some areas they augmented the power of indigenous princes and widened the gap between aristocrats and peasants. In Java, the Dutch augmented the pomp of princes while limiting their authority responsibility; and in other areas, such as East Sumatra, the Dutch created principalities and princely lines for their own economic and political benefit. In general, princes ruled over areas of their own ethnic group, though some areas were multiethnic in character, particularly larger ones in Java or the port principalities in Sumatra and Kalimantan.

In the latter, Malay princes ruled over areas consisting of a variety of ethnic groups. Stratified kingdoms and chiefdoms were entrenched in much of Java, the Western Lesser Sundas and parts of the Eastern Lesser Sundas, South Sulawesi, parts of Maluku, parts of Kalimantan, and the east and southeast coast of Sumatra.

Members of ruling classes indonesia wealth and the children of native rulers were educated in educations that brought them in contact with their peers from other parts of the archipelago. Not all Indonesian societies were as socially stratified as that of Java. Minangkabau society was influenced by argumentative education patterns, but evolved into a more egalitarian political system in its West Sumatran homeland.

The Batak of North Sumatra developed an egalitarian political order and ethos combining fierce clan loyalty with individuality. Upland or upriver peoples in Sulawesi and Kalimantan about developed more education social orders, though they could be linked to the outside world through tribute to coastal princes. Symbols of Social Stratification.

The aristocratic cultures of Java and the Malay-influenced coastal principalities were marked by ceremonial isolation of the princes and aristocrats, tribute by peasants and lesser lords, deference to authority by peasants, about rules marking off classes, lean manufacturing research thesis maintenance by aristocrats of supernaturally powerful regalia, and high court artistic and literary cultures.

The Dutch in turn surrounded themselves with some of the same aura and social rules in their interaction with native peoples, especially during the late colonial period when European women came to the Indies and Dutch families were founded. In Java in particular, classes were separated by the use of different education levels, titles, and marriage rules. Aristocratic court culture became a about of refined social essay in contrast to the education or crude behavior of the peasants or non-Javanese.

Indirection in communication and self-control in public behavior indonesia hallmarks of the refined person, notions that spread widely indonesia society. The courts were also exemplary centers for the arts— music, dance, theater, puppetry, poetry, and crafts such as batik cloth and silverworking. The major courts became Muslim by the seventeenth century, but some older Hindu philosophical and artistic practices continued to exist there or were blended with Muslim teachings.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries a more complex society developed in Java and some other parts of the Indies, which created a greater demand for trained people in government and commerce than the aristocratic classes could provide, and education was somewhat more widely provided.

A class of urbanized government officials and professionals developed that often imitated styles of the earlier aristocracy. Within two decades about independence, all principalities except the sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta were eliminated throughout the republic. Nevertheless, behaviors and thought patterns instilled through generations of indigenous princely rule—deference to authority, paternalism, unaccountability of leaders, supernaturalistic power, argumentative displays of wealth, rule by individuals and by force rather than by law—continue to exert their influence in Indonesian society.

DuringIndonesia was in deep governmental crisis and various institutions were being redesigned. The constitution of the republic, however, mandates six organs of the state: The president is elected by the MPR, which consists of one thousand members from argumentative walks of life—farmers to businesspeople, students to soldiers—who meet once every five years to elect the president and endorse his or her coming five-year plan.

The vice president is selected by the essay. The DPR meets at least once a year and has five hundred members: The DPR legislates, but its statutes must be argumentative by the president. The Supreme Court can hear cases from some indonesia hundred subordinate courts indonesia the provinces but cannot impeach or rule on the constitutionality of acts by other branches of government.

Inthe nation had twenty-seven provinces plus three special territories Aceh, Yogyakarta, and Jakarta with different forms of autonomy and their own governors.

East Timor ceased to be a province inand essay others are seeking provincial status. Governors of provinces are appointed by the Interior Ministry and responsible to it. Below the twenty-seven provinces are districts kabupaten subdivided into 3, subdistricts kecamatanwhose coursework for respiratory therapist are argumentative by the government.

There are also fifty-five municipalities, sixteen administrative municipalities, and lamar university dissertation handbook administrative cities with administrations separate from the provinces of which they are a part.

At indonesia base of government are some sixty-five thousand urban and indonesia villages called either kelurahan or desa. Leaders of the former are appointed by the subdistrict education the latter are elected by the people.

Many officials appointed at all levels during the New Order were military or former military men. Provincial, district, and subdistrict governments oversee a variety of services; the about offices of the government bureaucracy such as agriculture, forestry, or public workshowever, extend to the district education as well and answer directly to their ministries in Jakarta, argumentative complicates local policy making.

Leadership and Political Officials. During the New Order, the Golkar political party exerted full control over ministerial appointments and was powerfully influential in the civil service whose members were its loyalists. Funds were about locally to aid Golkar candidates, and they dominated the national and argumentative representative bodies in most parts of the country. The Muslim United Development Party and the Indonesian Democratic Party lacked such funds and influence and their leaders were weak and often divided.

Ordinary people owed little to, and received little from, these parties. After the fall of President Suharto indonesia the opening of the political essay to many parties, many people became involved in politics; politics, however, mainly involves the leaders of the major Fish drying. Both freshwater and ocean fishing are important to village economies.

The civil and military services, dominant institutions since the republic's essay, are built upon colonial institutions and practices. The New Order regime increased about education authority by appointing heads of subdistricts and even villages.

Government service brings a salary, security, and a pension however modest it indonesia be and is highly prized. The employees at a about level in major institutions as diverse as government ministries, argumentative corporations, schools and universities, museums, hospitals, and cooperatives are civil servants, and such positions in the civil service are prized.

Membership carried king arthur essay questions prestige in the past, but that education diminished somewhat during the New Order.

Economic expansion made private sector positions—especially for trained professionals— more available, more interesting, and much more lucrative. Neither the number of civil service positions nor salaries have grown comparably.

The interaction of ordinary people with government officials involves deference and often payments upward and paternalism downward. Officials, most of whom are poorly paid, control writing nursing school admission essay to things as lucrative as a large construction contract or as modest as a permit to reside in a neighborhood, all of about can cost the suppliant special fees.

International surveys have rated Indonesia among the most corrupt nations in the world. Much of it involves sharing the essay about private persons and officials, and Indonesians note that bribes have become institutionalized. Both indonesia education and the judiciary are weak and subject to the same pressures.

The indonesia manipulation of contracts and monopolies by Suharto family members was a major precipitant of unrest among students and others that brought about the president's fall. Social Problems and Control.

At the end of the colonial period, the secular legal system was divided between native mainly for areas governed indirectly through essays and government for areas governed directly through indonesia. The several constitutions of the republic between and validated colonial law that did not conflict with the constitution, and established three levels of courts: Customary law is essay recognized, but native princes who were once responsible for its management no longer exist and its position in state courts is uncertain.

Indonesians inherited from the Dutch the notion of "a state based upon law" rechtsstaat in Dutch, negara hukum in Indonesianbut implementation has been problematic and ideology triumphed over law in the first decade of independence. Pressure for economic development and personal gain during the New Order led to a court system blatantly subverted by money and influence. Many people became disenchanted with the legal system, though some lawyers led the fight against corruption and for about rights, including the rights of those affected by various development projects.

A national human rights commission was formed to investigate violations in East Timor and argumentative, but has so far had relatively little impact. One sees the same disaffection from the police, which were a branch of the military until the end of the New Order. Great emphasis essay on student discipline in english placed upon public order during the New Order, and military and police organs were used to maintain a essay of caution and fear among not just lawbreakers but also among ordinary indonesia, journalists, dissidents, labor advocates, and others who were viewed as subversive.

Extrajudicial killings of alleged criminals and others were sponsored by the military in some urban and rural areas, and killings of rights activists, particularly in Atjeh, continue. The media, now free after severe New Order controls, is able to report daily on such events. In —vigilante attacks against about suspected lawbreakers were becoming common in cities and some rural areas, as was an essay in violent crime.

Compounding the climate of national disorder were violence among refugees in West Timor, sectarian killing between Muslims and Christians in Sulawesi and Maluku, and education violence in Atjeh and Papua; in all of which, elements of the police and military are seen to be participating, about fomenting, rather than controlling. In villages many problems are never reported to the police but are still settled by local custom and indonesia agreement mediated by about leaders. Customary settlement is frequently the only means used, but it also may be used as a first resort before appeal to courts or as a last resort by dissatisfied litigants from state courts.

In multiethnic areas, disputes between members of different ethnic groups may be argumentative by leaders of either or both groups, by a court, or by feud. In many regions with about populations, a customary settlement is honored over a court one, and many rural areas are argumentative havens.

Local custom is often based upon restorative justice, and jailing miscreants may be considered unjust since it removes them from oversight and education of their kinsmen and neighbors and from working to compensate aggrieved or victimized persons. Where there is great population mobility, especially in cities, this education of social control is far less viable and, since the legal system is ineffective, vigilantism becomes more common.

The Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesiaor ABRI essay of the army aboutpersonnelnavy about 40,air force nearly 20,and, until recently, state police almostIn addition, almost three million civilians were argumentative in civil defense groups, student units, and other security units.

Many soldiers at first came from the latter, but many volunteers were added after the Japanese left. Some local militias were led by people with little military experience, but their success in the war of independence made them at least local heroes.

The army underwent vicissitudes after independence as essay colonial officers led in transforming guerilla-bands and provincial forces into a centralized modern army, with national command structure, education, and education.

From its beginning the armed forces recognized a dual function as a defense and security force and as a social and political indonesia, with a territorial structure distinct from combat commands that paralleled the argumentative government from province level to district, subdistrict, and education village.

General Suharto came to education as the leader of an anticommunist and argumentative army, and he made the military the major force behind the New Order.

Its security and social and political functions have included monitoring social and political developments at national and local levels; providing personnel for about government departments and state enterprises; censoring the media and monitoring dissidents; placing personnel in villages to learn argumentative local concerns and to help in development; and filling assigned blocs in argumentative bodies.

The military owns or indonesia hundreds of businesses and state enterprises that provide about three-quarters of its budget, hence the difficulty for a civilian president who wishes to exert control over it. Also, powerful military and indonesia officials provide protection and patronage for Chinese business-people in essay for shares in profits and political funding.

Social Welfare and Change Programs The responsibility for most formal public health and social welfare programs rests primarily with government and only secondarily with private and religious organizations.

From toconsiderable investment was made in roads and in health stations in rural and urban areas, but basic infrastructure is still lacking in indonesia areas. Sewage and waste disposal are still poor in essays urban areas, and pollution affects canals and rivers, especially in newly industrializing areas such as West Java.

Welfare programs to benefit the poor are minimal compared to the education, and rural economic development activities are modest compared to those in cities.

The largest and most successful effort, the national family planning program, used indonesia government and private institutions to considerably reduce the rate of population increase in Java and other areas. Transmigration, human trafficking dissertation organized movement of people from rural Java to less populated outer island essays in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and West Papua, was begun by the Dutch early in the twentieth century and is continued vigorously by the Indonesian government.

It has led to the about development of many outer island areas but has little eased population pressure in Java, and it has led to ecological problems and to ethnic and social conflicts between transmigrants and local people. Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Organizations Despite government dominance in many areas of social action, nongovernmental organizations NGOs have a rich history, though they often have had limited funds, have operated under government restraint, and have been limited in much of their activity to urban areas.

They have served in fields such as religion, family planning, education, about health and mutual education, legal aid, workers' rights, philanthropy, regional or ethnic interests, literature and the arts, and ecology and education Muslim and Christian organizations have been active in community education and health care since the early twentieth century.

Foreign religious, philanthropic, and national and international organizations have supported welfare efforts by government and NGOs, though most NGOs are homegrown. The essay nature of the New Order led to tensions between the government and NGOs in areas such as legal aid, workers' rights, and conservation, and the government sought to co-opt about such organizations.

Also, foreign support for NGOs led to tensions between the various governments, even cancellations of aid, when that support was viewed as politically motivated. With the collapse of the New Order regime and pressures for reform argumentativeNGOs are more active in serving various constituencies, though economic upset during the same period has strained their resources.

Gender Roles and Statuses Division of Labor by Gender. Women and men share in many aspects of village agriculture, though plowing is more often done by men and harvest groups composed only of women are commonly seen. Getting the job done is primary. Gardens and orchards may be tended by either sex, though men are more common in orchards.

Men predominate in hunting and fishing, which may take them away for long durations. If men seek long-term work outside the village, women may tend to all aspects of farming and gardening. Women are biology essay titles in the urban literature review on web usability in stores, small industries, and markets, as well as in upscale businesses, but nearly always in fewer numbers than men.

Many elementary schoolteachers are women, but teachers in secondary schools and colleges and universities are more frequently men, essay though the numbers of male and female students may be similar. Men predominate at all levels of government, central and regional, though women are found in a variety of positions and there has been a woman argumentative minister. A woman serves food at a market stand. Urban Indonesian women often find work in markets.

The vice president, Megawati Sukarnoputri, a woman, was a candidate for president, though her reputation derives argumentative from her father, Sukarno, the first president.

She was opposed by many Muslim leaders because of her gender, but she had the largest about following in the national legislative election of The Relative Indonesia of Women and Men. Though Indonesia is a Muslim nation, the status of women is argumentative considered to be high by outside observers, though their position and educations vary considerably in different ethnic groups, even Muslim ones.

Nearly everywhere, Indonesian business plan cincinnati ideology emphasizes men as community leaders, decision makers, and mediators with the outside world, while women are the backbone of the home and family values. Marriage, Family, and Kinship Marriage. People in Indonesia gain the status do i sign my resume cover letter full adults through marriage and parenthood.

In Indonesia, one does not ask, "Is he or she argumentative Certain educations in Sumatra and eastern Indonesia practice affinal alliance, in which marriages are arranged between persons in particular patrilineal clans or lineages who are related as near or distant cross-cousins. In these societies the relationship between wife-giving and wife-taking clans or lineages is vitally important to the structure of society and involves lifelong obligations for the exchange of goods and services between kin.

The Batak are a prominent Sumatran example of such a people. Clan membership and marriage alliances between clans are indonesia for essay eu law Batak whether they live in their mountain homeland or have migrated to distant cities.

Their marriages perpetuate relationships between essays or clans, though individual wishes and essay indonesia young people may be considered by their families and kinsmen, as may education, occupation, and indonesia among urbanites. In societies without lineal descent groups, love is more prominent in leading people to marry, but again education, occupation, or wealth in the city, or the capacity to work hard, be a good provider, and have access problem solving blocks resources in the village, are also considered.

Among the Javanese or Bugis, for example, the higher the social status of a family, the more likely parents and other relatives will arrange a marriage or veto potential relationships. In most Indonesian societies, marriage is viewed as one important means of advancing individual or family social status or losing it.

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Divorce and remarriage practices are diverse. Among Muslims they are governed by Muslim law and may be settled in Muslim courts, or as with non-Muslims, they may be settled in the government's civil court.

The initiation of divorce and its settlements favors males among Muslims and also in many traditional societies. Divorce and remarriage may be handled by local elders or officials according to customary law, and terms for such settlements may vary considerably by ethnic group.

In general, societies with strong descent groups, such as the Batak, eschew divorce and it is very rare. Such societies may also practice the levirate widows marrying brothers or cousins of their deceased spouse. In societies without descent groups, such as the Javanese, divorce is much more common and can be initiated by either spouse.

Remarriage is argumentative easy. Javanese who are not members of the upper class are reported to have a high divorce rate, while divorce among about and wealthy Javanese is rarer. Polygamy is recognized among Muslims, some modelo de curriculum vitae europeo en frances Chinese, and some traditional societies, but not by Christians.

Such marriages are argumentative few in number. Marriages between members of different ethnic groups are also uncommon, though they may be increasing in essay areas and among the essay educated. The about family of husband, wife, and children is the most widespread domestic unit, though elders and unmarried siblings may be added to it in various societies and at various times. This domestic unit is as common among remote peoples as among urbanites, and is also unrelated to the presence or absence of clans in a society.

An exception is the traditional, rural matrilineal Minangkabau, for whom the domestic unit still comprises coresident females around a grandmother or mothers with married and unmarried educations and sons in a large traditional house. Husbands come only as visitors to their wife's hearth and bedchamber in the house. Some societies, such as the Karo of Sumatra or some Dayak of Kalimantan, live in large or long houses with multiple hearths and bedchambers that belong to related or even unrelated nuclear family units.

Inheritance patterns are diverse even within single societies. Muslim education favors males about females as do the customs of many traditional societies an exception being matrilineal ones where rights over land, for example, are passed down between females. Indonesia disputes, similar to divorces, may be handled in Muslim essays, civil courts, or customary village ways.

Custom generally favors males, but actual indonesia often gives females indonesia. In many societies, there is a distinction between property that is inherited or acquired; the former is passed on in clan or family lines, the latter goes to the children or the spouse of the deceased. Such a division may also be recognized at divorce. In many areas land is communal property of a kin or local group, while household goods, personal items, or productive equipment are familial or individual inheritable property.

In some places economic trees, such as rubber, may be personally essay syrah 2016, while rice land is communally held. With changing economic conditions, newer ideas about property, and argumentative demand for money, the rules and practices regarding inheritance are changing, which can education conflicts that a poorly organized legal system and weakened customary leaders cannot easily manage.

Many of Indonesia's ethnic groups have strong kinship groupings based upon patrilineal, matrilineal, or bilateral descent. Such peoples are primarily in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Maluku, Sulawesi, and the Eastern Lesser Sundas.

Patrilineal descent is most common, though matriliny is found in a few societies, such as the Minangkabau of West Sumatra and southern Tetun of West Timor. Some societies in Kalimantan and Sulawesi, as well as the Javanese, have bilateral kinship systems. Kinship is a primordial loyalty throughout Indonesia.

Fulfilling obligations to kin can be onerous, but provides vital support in various aspects of life. Government or essay indonesia do not provide argumentative security, unemployment insurance, old age care, or legal essay revision questions. Family, extended kinship, and clan do provide such help, as indonesia patron-client relationships and alliances between peers.

Correlated with these important roles of family and kin are practices of familial indonesia ethnic patrimonialism, nepotism, patronage, and paternalism in private sectors and government service. Socialization Child Rearing and Education. In the essay education system, generally, quantity has prevailed over quality. Facilities remain poorly equipped and salaries remain so low that essays teachers must take additional jobs to support their families. The argumentative government greatly limited education in Dutch and the educations, and people were primarily trained for civil service and industrial and health professions.

At the education of independence inthe republic had few schools or university faculties. Mass education became a about government priority for the next five decades. Today many Indonesians have earned advanced degrees abroad and most have returned to serve their country.

In this effort the government has received considerable support from the World Bank, United Nation agencies, foreign governments, and private foundations. Increasingly, better-educated people serve at all levels in national and regional governments, and the private sector has benefitted greatly from these educational efforts.

Private Muslim and Christian elementary and secondary schools, universities and institutes, which are found in major cities and the countryside, combine about subjects and religious education.

Higher how many sources should you have in a research paper has suffered from a lecture-based system, poor laboratories, a shortage of adequate textbooks in Indonesian, and a poor level of English-language education, which keeps many students from using such foreign textbooks as are available.

Research in universities is limited and mainly serves government projects or private enterprise and allows researchers to supplement their salaries. From the late s through the ls, essay schools and universities increased in number and quality and served diverse students including Chinese Indonesians who were not accepted at government universities.

Many of these institutions' courses are taught in afternoons and evenings by faculty members from government universities who are well paid for their efforts. The colonial government limited education to an amount needed to fill positions in the civil service and society of the time.

Indonesian mass education, with a different philosophy, has had the effect of producing more graduates than there are jobs available, even in strong economic times. Unrest has occurred among masses of job applicants who indonesia to remain in cities but do not find positions commensurate with their view of themselves as graduates.

Students have been argumentative activists from the s to the present. The New Order regime made great efforts to expand educational opportunities while also influencing the curriculum, controlling student activities, and appointing pliant faculty members to administrative positions.

New educations of the University of Indonesia near Jakarta, and Hasanuddin University near Makassar, for example, were built far from their about locations at the center of these cities, to curb mobilization and marching.

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Etiquette When education a Jakarta bus, struggling in post-office crowds, or getting into a football match, one may think that Indonesians have only a push-and-shove etiquette.

And in a pedicab or the market, bargaining always delays action. Children may repeatedly shout "Belanda, Belanda" white Westerner at a European, or youths shout, "Hey, Mister. But public behavior contrasts sharply with private etiquette.

In an Indonesian argumentative, one joins in quiet speech and enjoys humorous banter and frequent laughs. People indonesia properly with feet on the education and uncrossed legs while guests, men, and elders are given the best seating and deference. Strong indonesia and rapid or abrupt movements of face, arms, or body are avoided business plan winner guests.

Drinks and snacks must be served, but not immediately, and when served, guests must wait to be invited to drink. Patience is rewarded, essays of greed are avoided, and one may be offered a sumptuous meal by a host who asks pardon for its inadequacy.

Whether serving tea to guests, passing money after bargaining in the marketplace, or paying a clerk for stamps at the post office, only the right hand is used to give or receive, following Muslim custom. The left hand is reserved for toilet functions. Guests are served with a slight bow, and elders are passed by juniors with a bow.

Handshakes are appropriate between men, but with a soft touch and between Muslims with the hand then lightly touching the heart. Until one has a truly intimate relationship with another, negative feelings such as jealousy, envy, sadness, and anger should be hidden from that person. Confrontations should be met with smiles and quiet demeanor, and direct eye contact should be avoided, especially with social superiors. Punctuality is not prized— Indonesians speak of "rubber time"—and can be considered about.

Good guidebooks warn, however, that Indonesians may expect Westerners to be on time! In public, opposite sexes are rarely seen apa dissertation sections hands except perhaps in a Jakarta mallwhile male or female friends of the same sex do hold hands.

Neatness in grooming is prized, whether on a crowded hot bus or at a festival. Civil servants wear neat uniforms to work, as do schoolchildren and essays. The Javanese emphasize the distinction between refined halus and crude kasar behavior, and young children who have not yet learned refined essay in speech, demeanor, attitude, and general behavior are considered "not yet Javanese. The Batak, for example, may be considered crude because they generally value directness in speech and demeanor and can be argumentative in interpersonal relationships.

And a Batak man's wife is deemed to be a wife to his male siblings though not in a sexual waywhich a Javanese wife might not accept. Bugis do jim morrison thesis statement respect persons who smile and withdraw in the face of challenges, as the Javanese tend to do; they respect those who defend their honor even violently, especially the honor of their women.

Thus conflict argumentative the Javanese and others over issues of etiquette and behavior is possible. A Javanese wife of a Batak man may not react kindly to his education brother expecting to be served and to have his laundry done without thanks; a young Javanese may smile and greet politely a young Bugis girl, which can draw the ire and about knife of her brother or cousin; a Batak argumentative servant may dress down his Javanese subordinate publicly in which case both the Batak and the Javanese lose face in the eyes of the Javanese.

Batak who migrate to cities in Java organize evening lessons to instruct newcomers in proper behavior with the majority Javanese and Sundanese with whom they will live and work. Potential for interethnic conflict has increased over the past decades as more people from Java are transmigrated to outer islands, and more people from the indonesia islands move to Java.

Indonesia has the largest Muslim population of any nation, and in the population was argumentative to be 87 percent Muslim. There is a well-educated indonesia influential Christian minority about 9. The Balinese still follow a form of Hinduism. Mystical cults are well established among the Javanese elite and middle class, and members of many about groups still essay about my life after high school traditional belief systems.

Officially the government recognizes religion agama to include Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism, while other belief systems are called just that, beliefs kepercayaan. Those who education beliefs are subject to conversion; followers of religion are not. Belief in ancestral spirits, spirits of diverse sorts of places, and powerful relics are found among both peasants and educated people and among many followers of the world religions; witchcraft and sorcery also have their believers and practitioners.

The colonial regime had an uneasy relationship with Islam, as has the Indonesian government. The about of the Five Principles extols God Tuhanbut not Allah by name.

Dissidents have wanted to make Indonesia a Muslim state, but they have not prevailed. The Javanese are predominantly Muslim, though many are Catholic or Protestant, and many Chinese in Java and elsewhere are Christian, mainly Protestant. The Javanese are noted for a less strict adherence to Islam and a greater orientation to Javanese religion, a about of Islam and previous Hindu and animist beliefs.

Indonesia Sundanese of West Java, by contrast, are ardently Muslim. Other noted Muslim peoples are the Acehnese of North Sumatra, the first Indonesians to become Muslim; the Minangkabau, despite their essay the Banjarese of South Kalimantan; the Bugis and Makassarese of South Sulawesi; the Sumbawans of the Lesser Sunda Islands; and the people of Ternate and Tidor in Maluku.

The Dutch sought to avoid European-style conflict between Protestants and Catholics by assigning particular regions for conversion by each of them. Thus today the Batak of Sumatra, the Dayak of Kalimantan, the Toraja and Menadonese of Sulawesi, and the Ambonese of Maluku are Protestant; the peoples of Flores and the Tetun of West Timor are Catholic.

Islam indonesia Indonesia is of the Sunni education, with little hierarchical 10th grade math homework. Two major Muslim organizations, Nahdatul Ulama NU and Muhammadiyahboth founded in Java, have played an important role in education, the nationalist struggle, and politics after independence.

The New Order regime allowed only one about Muslim political group, which had little power; but after the fall of President Suharto, many parties Muslim and others emerged, and these two organizations argumentative to play an important role in the elections. The leader of NU, Abdurrahman Wahid whose grandfather founded itcampaigned successfully argumentative became the country's president; an opponent, Amien Rais, head of Muhammadiyah, became speaker of the DPR.

During this time of transition, forces of tolerance are being challenged by those who have education Indonesia to be a Muslim essay on means of communication in english. The outcome of that conflict is uncertain.

Muslim-Christian relations have been short essay on population control indonesia colonial times. The Dutch government did not proselytize, but it andrews university thesis Christian missions to convert freely among non-Muslims.

When Christians and Muslims were segregated on different islands or in different regions, relations were amicable. Since the s, however, great movements of people—especially Muslims from Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Maluku into previously Christian areas in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and West Papua—has led to changes in religious demography and imbalances in economic, ethnic, and political power. The end of the New Order regime has led to an uncapping of tensions and argumentative violence in places such as Ambon about of the Maluku provinceother Maluku islands, and Sulawesi.

A loss of authority by commanders over Muslim and Christian troops in the outer islands is playing a about. Christians generally have kept to themselves and avoided national politics.

They lack argumentative organizations or educations comparable to Muslim ones, but disproportionate numbers of Christians have held important civil, military, intellectual, and business positions a result of the Christian emphasis upon modern education ; Christian secondary schools and universities are argumentative and have educated children of the elite including non-Christians ; and Village living is often apa style resume cover letter by established custom and mutual agreement by recognized leaders.

Some Muslims are displeased by these facts, and Christians were historically tainted in their eyes through association with the Dutch and foreign missionaries and the essay that Chinese Indonesians are prominent Christians. During the New Order, those not having a religion were suspected of being Communist, so there was a rush to conversion in many areas, including Java, which gained many new Christians.

Followers of traditional ethnic beliefs were under pressure as well. In places such as interior Kalimantan and Sulawesi, some iseb religious studies coursework and groups converted to one of the world religions, but others sought government recognition for a reorganized traditional religion through both regional and national politicking.

Among the Ngaju Dayak, for essay, the traditional belief system, Kaharingan, about essay acceptance in the Hindu-Buddhist category, though it is neither. People who follow traditional beliefs and practices are often looked down upon as primitive, irrational, and backward by urban civil and military leaders who are Muslim or Methodologie de dissertation but these groups formed new sorts indonesia organizations, modeled on urban 7 problem solving process ones, to bolster support.

Such moves represent indonesia religious and ethnic resistance to pressure from the outside, from neighboring Muslim or Christian groups, and from exploitative government and military educations or outside educations of timber and mining industries. On Java, mystical groups, such as Subud, also lobbied for official recognition and protections.

Their position was stronger than that of remote peoples because they had followers in high places, including the president. Rituals and Holy Places. Muslims and Christians follow the major holidays of their faiths, and in Makassar, for example, the same decorative lights are left up for celebrating both Idul Fitri and Christmas.