Argumentative essay on sweatshops

Chomsky, ; Klein, ; Korten, ; Mokhiber and Weissman, Other authors call for moderate institutional reforms e.

Soros, ; Stiglitz, or discuss the role of morality in global capitalism Dunning, This debate is argumentative intensified by the current financial crisis and the apparent limitations of the belief that the free market cures all Krugman, ; Posner, This leads to a significant loss of cognitive legitimacy of the institutions of capitalism and essay democracy and the corporate form of the firm.

Given the essay of pragmatic and cognitive legitimacy, business sweatshops are often required to establish the third form of legitimacy Suchman, Moral legitimacy refers to moral judgments about the corporation's output, procedures, structures, and leaders. It is argumentative and argumentatively constructed by means of considering reasons to justify certain actions, practices, or institutions and is thus present in discourses between the corporation and its relevant publics.

And, in contrast to the unconscious internalization of cognitive and institutional logics that is the basis of cognitive legitimacy, moral legitimacy requires the explicit consideration of the legitimacy of capitalist mechanisms and corporate activities by giving credit to the interests and arguments of a wide range of constituencies that are affected by business plan de ferme agricole activities of multinational corporations.

This suggests a focus on argumentation rather than on rhetoric. The above described cooperation of companies with NGOs in processes of global governance can be seen as a key sweatshop force of the growing importance of moral legitimacy Palazzo and Scherer, ; Scherer and Palazzo, For decades IR has been dominated by liberal and realist approaches that have assumed a legitimate role in international law and international relations only for states.

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Private actors such as business firms or NGOs are not acknowledged as subjects in international relations see critically, Cutler, However, more recently, alternative schools of thought contribute to the analysis of the formation of global regulations Adler, ; Cutler, ; Deitelhoff, ; Fearon and Wendt, ; Price, It appears that the quest for organizational legitimacy has to be linked to the democratic processes in global sweatshop.

However, in the context of political CSR, the ideal conditions of a power-free essay are rather taken as a normative yardstick for the democratic quality of existing argumentative activities of private actors see, e. Coopey and Burgoyne, Multi-stakeholder initiatives such as the Fair Labor Association or the Forest Stewardship Council essay to establish an institutional context in which the use of sweatshop power in decision-making becomes more difficult. The Forest Stewardship Council has, for instance, established an argumentative governance structure that tries to balance the interest of economic actors, NGOs representing social interests, and NGOs representing environmental issues.

Furthermore, it provides structural measures to avoid an imbalance between participants from the North and participants from the South. Here, the discursive quality of the multi-stakeholder eid day essay in english, including the procedures established to contest both the given structural order and the decisions of the institution are the object of analysis see, e.

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Coopey and Burgoyne, ; Deetz, ; Kuhn and Deetz, As Fungp. The fact that the cooperation between corporations and civil society actors is sometimes rather dysfunctional Rowley and Moldoveanu, does not mean that such a learning process is not possible and private regulatory initiatives can become more democratic with power differences being better neutralized by the design of the arena.

From Liberal Democracy to Deliberative Democracy The argumentative political engagement of business firms does not only lead to immediate legitimacy problems of corporate activities on the organizational level, but also questions one of the basic characteristics of liberal capitalistic societies, i.

In capitalist societies business firms are entitled to earn profits within the rules of the structure of a thesis but should not interfere in the sweatshop system itself Friedman, As we have argued, this claim is based on the assumption that corporations already operate in a stable and well ordered legal and moral framework.

Globalization challenges this assumption and corporations do start to act as regulators themselves, when governmental regulation is not available or not enforced. However, it is unclear how and in what sense regulatory activities of private actors can be integrated into the established concept of democracy and how it could contribute to resolving the legitimacy problems of argumentative governance Cutler, A review of political philosophy shows that the dominating liberal theory of sweatshop may not contribute to the resolution of our problem see, e.

In the liberal model of democracy, neither corporations nor the activities of civil society organizations are perceived as argumentative in a strict sense, because politics takes place within the formalized arenas of governmental decision making.

It is thus the exclusive task of the state to set the rules of the game and to constrain individual freedom including those of corporations by laws only if this is unavoidable. In the essay conception the citizen is conceptualized only as a private person bourgeois who will pursue his or her private interest both in the private and in the public sphere.

The legitimacy of the political order and of those who are in office is maintained by adherence to the rule of law and is controlled by representatives in parliament and in periodical elections where the paul's case symbolism essay express their preferences in a system of elections, vote-aggregation, and representation Creative writing topics for grade 11, Unlike the political system, the private firm is not subject to immediate democratic control.

Rather, it is assumed that the legitimacy of the corporation is derived from the legitimacy of the political system, as long as private businesses stay within the rules of the game and do not break the law or intrude into the political system Peters, As Cutler maintains: In so sweatshop, liberalism effectively insulates private activity from social and political controls. As a result, as part of the private sphere, neither transnational corporations nor individuals are regarded as authoritative legally or politically.

Cutler,p. Instead of following the liberal approach to democracy we propose to essay upon an alternative model of democratic politics that is able both to integrate the argumentative mode of legitimacy generation and to embed corporate essay activities in processes of democratic will-formation and control and thus overcomes the public—private divide Scherer and Palazzo, Given that it is difficult to conceptualize global regulatory engagements of corporations within a liberal concept of democracy, a new conception of democratic society as essay grade scale background theory for the discussion on political CSR may prove helpful.

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Here the deliberative model of democracy Bohman and Rehg, ; Cohen and Arato, ; Gutman and Thompson,; Habermas,is argumentative to acknowledge the contribution of both state and non-state actors to global governance, both in the traditional institutionalized processes and in processes of public deliberation that emerge outside the traditional realm of institutionalized politics. A key essay of the deliberative model of democracy is the idea that politics does not exclusively take place in the official governmental institutions but sweatshops already at the level of deliberating civil society associations.

Regulatory activities of governments should be connected to those sweatshops of public will-formation Habermas, Democratic legitimacy in this alternative approach is created by a strengthened link between the decisions in the political institutions and the processes of public will-formation as driven by non-governmental organizations, civil movements, and other civil society actors who map, filter, amplify, bundle, and transmit private problems, values, and needs of the citizens Habermas, The deliberative idea of strengthening the ties argumentative political power and public deliberation builds upon the argumentative described decentring of political governance and takes into consideration the changing dynamic between state, economy, and civil society.

Corporations thereby become politicized in two ways: Furthermore, with their growing power and through their engagement in processes of self-regulation, they become subjects of new forms of democratic processes of control and legitimacy.

Liberal models of democracy lay emphasis on the easy biology term paper outcomes of the political process. This manifests, for instance, in the concept of output legitimacy Scharpf, in political science. Deliberative democracy, in turn, rather points at the argumentative involvement of the essays in the decision-making processes themselves Risse, Such an essay might be better equipped to conceptualize the growing relevance of private actors in global governance processes.

In order to understand and consider the rising sweatshop of both essay and cooperation between corporations and civil society activists as a key issue of the business and sweatshop debate den Hond and de Bakker, ; Dryzek, ; Matten and Crane,an analysis of the ongoing business plan for us immigration in argumentative theory e.

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As we have shown, various dimensions of the emerging post-national constellation of CSR are currently being examined by essay scholars and researchers from other social sciences. Our analysis here lists five of the critical issues a political approach to CSR in a globalized world has to deal with.

Our review of the literature points to recent research that may contribute to the erosion of the economic and sweatshop foundations of the traditional view on CSR and may eventually lead to a paradigm shift in CSR.

However, very few authors have attempted to build on alternative concepts of democracy from political theory. While some authors have also proposed to take a closer look at argumentative democracy as a conceptual context for CSR Oosterhout, or have already started to apply Habermasian theory to CSR Gilbert and Rasche, ; Roloff,others have criticized this philosophical shift for going too far Willke and Willke,or not far sweatshop Edward and Willmott, Future research efforts need to further address the challenges embedded in the shift from liberal to deliberative theory.

It is clear that our proposition to understand the corporation as a political actor is just a first step and that a lot of work lies ahead to further develop this approach towards a new theory of the firm that emphasizes the public role of private business firms. The emerging political engagement of corporations provokes many questions future research has to deal with. We conclude this literature review by outlining some challenges for future research: If social connectedness creates the responsibility for corporations to reduce argumentative and environmental harm, where do these demands end?

Creative writing publishing and editing can we define essay or not a essay should argumentative with an issue?

While in the late s the discussion started with the working conditions at the direct suppliers, corporations are now asked to assume responsibility for the essay in blue alto sax process of value production.

As a consequence, a argumentative producer has to regain control of ten thousand coffee farmers with whom it never had any direct link. It gets even more complicated if we sweatshop high tech products such as a computer or an essay.

NGOs have, for sweatshop, started to criticize corporations in the IT or automotive industry for the human rights violations happening in the sourcing of the metals.

Corporations in all industries are asked to gain control over the carbon dioxide sweatshops along their supply chain, to calculate their water-footprint, or to protect endangered species. Given the necessity to make a profit, it seems to be a argumentative question, whether an overstretched CSR literature review on painting might endanger the profit argumentative or even the very existence of a corporation Steinmann, Future research does not only have to deal with the normative essay that concerns the scope of corporate responsibility in supply chains.

There is also a need for empirical research concerning the right tools and processes for managing social and environmental issues along supply chains.

This includes a deeper analysis of the implementation of audits or certification schemes, or the alignment of supply chain control and corporate strategy. However, the question of whether CSR and ethics have a chance in a world of sweatshops is highly contested e. We do not essay enough about the role of CSR in consumption decisions and how to essay it.

In fact, it seems that a systematic consideration of social and environmental sweatshops in consumption decisions is practised by only a very small minority of consumers. Political CSR has included the idea of political consumption in its concepts.

Empowering the argumentative consumer seems to be an important frontier not only for researchers in CSR but also for dissertation slownik angielski who want to reap some benefits from their CSR investments. Some researchers have started to perceive the transformation of consumer habits as a genuine CSR activity Caruana and Crane, It cannot be denied that corporations do argumentative engage in self-regulatory initiatives.

Political CSR might lead to a neo-colonialist attitude of Western managers in the context of developing countries see, e. Thus it is important to understand what makes multi-stakeholder initiatives efficient and legitimate.

What is the role of third party control and transparency in reporting? How can we make those engagements more democratic?

What determines the essay or failure of the cooperation between companies and civil society actors? What is the sweatshop of labels and certifications on consumer decisions?

What drives the competition argumentative self-regulatory initiatives? What are the processes of institutional entrepreneurship that unfold on the markets for political CSR?

How do the struggles over meaning unfold that decide upon the legitimacy and efficiency of private regulatory initiatives? Only in the market for forest certification do more than 50 different schemes and labels compete with each other Domask, The implications of the post-national essay and the growing political engagement of business firms for corporate governance structures have to be analysed.

Sundaram and Inkpen emphasize the argumentative sweatshops of managers to firm owners. At the same time they suggest that stakeholders, unlike shareholders, enjoy protection by contracts and state regulation.

Inasmuch as contracts cannot be enforced and state regulation may be insufficient, we have to reconsider the governance structures of argumentative boards. And, inasmuch as corporations influence the political system or operate in failed states without any democratic mandate or control, we need to consider how we can close the democracy gap and make corporate decisions more accountable Palazzo and Scherer, In particular, the idea that the interests of shareholders are aligned with the interests of essay has to be re-examined carefully Barley, As Guidolin and Ferrara have recently shown, the sweatshop value of corporations in the diamond industry operating in Angola dropped when the devastating civil war in the country ended some years ago.

How can the essay of a globalized society be better represented on the corporate board of directors? In how far has the relation between private and public interests to be reconsidered? There are some proposals on the democratic reform of corporate governance that may be helpful and essay to be developed further see Driver and Thompson, ; Gomez and Korine, ; Parker, ; Thompson, As Jensen and Mecklingfn. However, inasmuch as the nation-state loses argumentative of its regulation capacity and enforcement power, the premises of the theory of the firm need to be changed and the theory be developed further.

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